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Chinese astronomers have discovered that the Milky Way is not a simple, smoothly warped disk, but contains widespread "wrinkle-like" structures resembling ripples on a water surface, providing new clues to understanding the galaxy's 3D structure and evolutionary history.
The discovery was made by a research team from the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using data from the "Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting" (MWISP) survey. The findings were published online titled "Widespread corrugations superimposed on the Galactic warp in the outer CO disk" in the journal Nature Astronomy on August 7.
For decades, astronomers have known that the Milky Way's disk is not perfectly flat. Instead, its outer regions are slightly bent upward on one side and downward on the other - a structure known as a galactic warp.
However, the latest study shows that this large-scale bending is not the whole story. Smaller-scale vertical fluctuations are also embedded within the warped disk, creating a more complicated 3D structure.
"In many illustrations and in the public imagination, the Milky Way looks like a flat vinyl record," Sun Yan, associate researcher at PMO and the first author of the paper, told the Global Times on Tuesday. "In reality, the outer part of the Milky Way is more like a record that has been heated and deformed, with one side lifted and the other side lowered. That is the warp. On top of this large-scale deformation, there are additional smaller waves, which we call corrugations," Sun explained.
Using a more everyday analogy, Sun compared the Milky Way's structure to a sea surface. The warp is like a large swell that changes the overall height of the ocean, while corrugations are smaller waves superimposed on that swell.
"The two structures exist together. In our data analysis, we first removed the large-scale warp model, which allowed us to reveal the smaller wave-like patterns hidden underneath," Sun said.
The research focused on the Milky Way's outer gas disk rather than the more familiar stellar disk. According to Sun, cold molecular gas and stars provide two complementary ways to study the galaxy.
"Molecular gas is a sensitive probe for studying the vertical structure and dynamics of the galactic disk because it is concentrated near the disk plane and responds strongly to disturbances," she said.
Molecular gas is also the raw material for star formation, meaning its distribution is closely connected with the formation of young stars. The researchers traced this gas through carbon monoxide (CO) emission, which can penetrate regions obscured by interstellar dust and provide a different perspective from optical observations of stars.
The breakthrough was made possible by the MWISP survey, conducted using China's 13.7-meter millimeter-wave telescope.
"MWISP can be understood as giving the Milky Way a large-scale medical examination using millimeter-wave observations," Sun said.
Previous CO surveys were limited in sensitivity and coverage, making it difficult to accurately study the distant outer regions of the galaxy. In contrast, the latest study identified more than 30,000 molecular cloud samples, covering about half of the Milky Way's outer disk and extending to a distance of about 26 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center.
With such a large dataset, researchers were able to first establish a model of the overall warp and then separate subtle structures from the background. The newly identified corrugations have radial wavelengths of about 3.9-7.9 kiloparsecs and vertical amplitudes of about 100-200 parsecs.
The study also identified a corrugation structure extending about 40 kiloparsecs in azimuth at a distance of around 12.7 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center. In some spiral arm regions, vertical displacements can reach approximately 200 parsecs.
The researchers believe these large-scale vertical fluctuations are likely related to "bending waves" triggered by external gravitational disturbances, suggesting that the Milky Way might have experienced more complex interactions during its evolutionary history.
Although the newly discovered structures sound dramatic, they do not have any direct impact on Earth or the solar system. "Humans cannot directly sense these corrugations," Sun said. "Their scales reach thousands or even tens of thousands of light-years, and even if these structures are evolving, such changes would not be directly perceptible on human timescales."
The study focuses on the outer disk of the Milky Way and does not include the region around the solar system. "There is currently no evidence that these structures have any observable influence on Earth's environment," Sun said.
Instead, their significance lies in what they reveal about the past. Like geological layers recording Earth's history, these galactic structures preserve traces of the Milky Way's evolutionary journey, the researchers explained.
Researchers said future studies combining more precise motion measurements and numerical simulations could further reveal the origins of these structures and their role in the long-term evolution of the Milky Way.
。 AI摘要 8月19日，漳州古城举办“相聚七夕，乐享非遗”闽南文化圩日，融合歌仔戏、木偶戏、高山族舞蹈展演与非遗市集，通过手作体验、婚庆文创、互动打卡等形式，推动非遗活态传承与文旅深度融合。 歌仔戏《寻缘》在漳州古城上演引群众围观 8月19日傍晚，漳州古城北广场。
二 | 夕阳余晖未尽，红砖古厝间灯笼次第亮起。“相聚七夕，乐享非遗”——2026年闽南文化圩日拉开帷幕。下午三点半，市集率先开圩。
三 | 夜色渐浓，人群从四面八方涌入，共享甜蜜的漳州七夕之夜。 台上：歌仔戏里寻情缘 晚上七点半，舞台专场展演准时开始。舞台融合闽南燕尾脊、花窗、红砖肌理等传统元素，搭配七夕花艺与圆月造景，兼具演出与打卡功能。 开场是歌仔戏《寻缘》，唱的是“有缘千里一线牵”的闽南情缘，道的是七夕夜里缠绵的心动。
四 | 选段曲调悠扬，演员杨美莉和李妙煌闽南语唱腔地道，台下观众跟着哼唱，年轻人也举着手机拍个不停。 谁说漳州人不追星？“杨帅，杨帅！”人气歌仔戏演员杨跃宗登台，现场戏迷报以热烈欢呼。杨跃宗携搭档玉儿演绎《龙凤配》经典选段。传统戏曲的年轻化表达，让不少年轻观众沉浸其中。“歌仔戏有很深的文化底蕴，内容多是劝善尽美的教育题材。作为漳州歌仔戏的传承者，我有义务把这一份美丽的非遗传承下来。”杨跃宗说。
五 | 来自华安沙建的林阿姨专程赶过来看杨跃宗的戏。“经常在手机上看他的切片，今天来现场感受一下，不虚此行！我们村也订了他的戏，明年他就要去我家乡演出啦！” 此外，提线木偶戏演员用一双巧手、十指丝线牵起牛郎织女的千年相会，演绎吕蒙正夫妇的情深意重。高山族拉手舞节奏轻快，舞者手拉手围成圈，现场不少观众跟随节奏挥手互动。 展演间隙穿插了非遗知识有奖互动问答，围绕漳州七夕民俗和闽南非遗出题，观众举手抢答，现场气氛热烈。 台下：非遗市集人气旺 下午三点半，非遗市集准时开张，已有不少市民前来逛摊选购非遗产品。市集体验区划分为非遗手作、非遗美食、非遗文创三大板块。浦南豆脯饼、漳梳、漳州窑等八个摊位各具特色，传承人现场教学、游客亲手体验，成品可尝可带。与往期闽南文化圩日相比，此次市集突出七夕主题，现场商家大多与漳州“福”文化、婚庆文化相关，从婚庆喜饼到结发礼梳，处处透着“闽南式浪漫”。
六 | 在浦南豆脯饼展位，闽南丰片粿、大肉饼、豆脯饼颇受情侣夫妻类客户群体欢迎。“结合七夕主题，这次的闽南文化圩日，我们特别带来了极富闽南民间婚庆文化韵味的‘囍’饼，想把这份甜蜜传给市民游客。”芗城非遗浦南豆脯饼制作技艺传承人、“海瑞饼店”经营者梁俊峰说。 梳子，在闽南文化中是新婚结发的“上头礼”，有“一梳梳到尾，二梳白发齐眉，三梳儿孙满地”的说法。漳梳展区，非遗传承人李赞成向游客展示最近研制的养生梳子，玲珑小巧，梳背微曲可用于刮痧。“传统婚庆梳子是半月形的，寓意‘合则满月’。现在顾客更重视实用性，像摔不断的紫光檀梳、粗齿的按摩梳、带手把的日常梳都很受欢迎。漳州古城北广场游客很多，每次参与闽南文化圩日活动都能遇到一些识货懂行的客人，很让人高兴。” “漳州古城文化底蕴浓厚，消费活跃。
七 | 近年来，漳州窑逐步调整产品种类、形式，努力让老手艺玩出新花样，契合当下年轻人的消费偏好。”漳州窑非遗技艺传承人林莹说。在漳州窑展位，琳琅满目的小件文创吸引不少女生注意。从10元的陶瓷小手串到几十元的小动物摆件，全场不超过100元的“真香”定位确实俘获了大量情绪消费者的心。 七夕许愿墙前，年轻情侣写下心愿合影留念。非遗主题打卡点融合古城古建筑肌理，成为短视频传播的热门场景。 非遗圩日：活化传承有妙招 “闽南文化圩日”是漳州非遗常态化传播的重要品牌。
八 | 自2022年起，该系列活动持续在漳州各地举办，每逢元宵、端午、春节等重要节点或“文化和自然遗产日”期间，均以专场展演、非遗市集、互动体验等形式与市民见面，成为闽南文化生态保护传承的一道流动风景线。 非遗与漳州古城的结合尤为紧密。
九 | 2022年7月，古城在修文路启动“非遗一条街”项目，采取“前厂后店”模式，让非遗技艺从展柜走进生活。
十 | 2025年10月，《漳州古城：沉浸式古城非遗大观园》入选中国旅游协会“2025非遗旅游融合年度创新案例”，为福建省唯一入选项目。漳州古城先后获评“国家级旅游休闲街区”“国家级夜间文化和旅游消费集聚区”。古城内1.7万原住民延续着闽南市井烟火，记忆馆、非遗馆、灯谜馆等“九馆二文保”串联成线。 从古城到社区，从舞台到市集，闽南文化圩日让非遗走出展柜、走进生活。当千年非遗遇上中式浪漫，漳州人以自己的方式，书写着非遗活态传承的生动注脚。
十一 | （漳州融媒记者 张晗 文/图）。
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